What is Measles? Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, and How to Prevent Infection

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Measles Virus Adobe-Stock
Measles Virus Adobe-Stock

Measles virus is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects the respiratory system and is well known for its characteristic red rash. It is caused by the measles virus, which belongs to the paramyxovirus family. The virus spreads easily through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or even talks. Infected droplets can linger in the air and on surfaces for up to two hours, increasing the likelihood of transmission.

Measles was once common among children worldwide, leading to widespread fear and illness. However, since the introduction of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, the incidence of measles has dramatically decreased in many countries. The MMR vaccine is highly effective, and immunization campaigns have helped to nearly eradicate measles in some regions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), global measles cases decreased by 73% between 2000 and 2018, but outbreaks still occur in regions with low vaccination coverage.

Despite the successes in vaccination, measles is still a major health concern in areas with lower immunization rates, and there are sporadic outbreaks in developed countries as well. For example, the U.S. experienced a significant measles outbreak in 2019, with over 1,200 cases reported, primarily among unvaccinated individuals.

Can Adults Get Measles?

While Measles virus is most commonly associated with children, adults can also get the disease, particularly if they were not vaccinated as children or if they have not had the disease in the past. Adults who were born after 1957 and have not received the MMR vaccine are at risk of contracting measles. In the U.S., adults born before 1957 are generally considered to have been exposed to the virus naturally, either because they had the disease or because of widespread exposure, so they are typically immune.

However, in recent years, measles has made a resurgence, especially in communities with lower vaccination rates. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there was a 300% increase in measles cases in the U.S. from 2018 to 2019, highlighting the need for continued vaccination efforts, particularly among adults who may be unaware of their vaccination status.

For adults, measles can present with more severe symptoms and complications compared to children, and they may experience longer recovery times. Some adults, especially those with weakened immune systems, may face increased risks of developing complications such as pneumonia or encephalitis.

What Are the Symptoms of Measles?

Measles virus typically develops about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus. The disease progresses in stages, with the first symptoms resembling those of a common cold. These initial symptoms may last for several days before more specific signs, such as the telltale rash, appear.

Early Symptoms of Measles:

  1. Fever: The fever typically begins within 10 to 12 days of exposure and can escalate rapidly. It can reach as high as 104°F (40°C).
  2. Cough: A dry, persistent cough is a hallmark of measles and can be quite uncomfortable.
  3. Runny Nose: Like other respiratory infections, measles often causes a runny nose or nasal congestion.
  4. Sore Throat: This can be accompanied by swollen lymph nodes, which are common during viral infections.
  5. Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Inflammation of the eyes causes redness, discomfort, and sensitivity to light.
  6. Koplik Spots: These are small, white or bluish spots found inside the mouth, typically on the inner cheek, 2 to 3 days before the rash develops. Koplik spots are considered a classic sign of measles.

Rash Stage:

The most distinctive symptom of measles is the rash, which typically appears 3 to 5 days after the initial fever and cold-like symptoms. The rash begins at the hairline and spreads downward, covering the face, neck, upper body, arms, and legs. It may last for up to a week. The rash is usually red or reddish-brown and may be raised or flat. It may also cause itching and discomfort.

In some cases, individuals with measles can experience complications that exacerbate the severity of symptoms, such as pneumonia or ear infections. Prompt treatment and supportive care can alleviate many symptoms, but it is important to monitor for any signs of complications.

What Are the Causes of Measles?

Measles is caused by the measles virus, a single-stranded RNA virus that is part of the Paramyxoviridae family. The virus spreads primarily through respiratory droplets, which are expelled when an infected person coughs, sneezes, talks, or even breathes. Measles is highly contagious and can spread rapidly, especially in crowded environments.

The virus enters the body through the respiratory tract and multiplies in the cells lining the respiratory system. From there, it spreads throughout the body, causing the characteristic symptoms such as fever, cough, and the rash.

Measles is so contagious that people who are not immune can catch it just by being in a room where someone with measles has recently been, even if that person has already left. The CDC states that an infected person can spread the virus from about four days before the rash appears to four days after the rash develops.

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What Are the Risk Factors for Measles?

Certain groups of people are at a higher risk of contracting measles and experiencing severe complications. Some of the primary risk factors for measles include:

  1. Lack of Vaccination: The most significant risk factor for contracting measles is not being vaccinated. People who have not received the MMR vaccine or have not had measles as a child are at the highest risk of contracting the disease.
  2. Traveling to or Living in Areas with Low Vaccination Rates: Measles is still prevalent in parts of the world with low vaccination coverage. Traveling to or living in countries where measles is still common increases the likelihood of exposure. The WHO reports that measles is common in many parts of Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe.
  3. Age: Unvaccinated infants and young children are the most likely to contract measles. In rare cases, measles can occur in adults who were not vaccinated or who did not have the disease as children.
  4. Immune System Deficiencies: Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those undergoing cancer treatment or people with HIV, are at a higher risk of severe complications from measles.
  5. Close Contact with Infected Individuals: Measles spreads rapidly in places where large groups of people gather, such as schools, daycare centers, hospitals, and on public transportation. Individuals who are unvaccinated or under-vaccinated are particularly at risk.
  6. Pregnant–Women: Measles during pregnancy can lead to complications such as premature birth, low birth weight, or even miscarriage. Pregnant-women who are unvaccinated should take precautions to avoid exposure to the virus.

What Are the Complications of Measles?

Although most people with Measles virus recover without serious problems, the disease can lead to severe complications, particularly in young children, adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Some of the most common complications of measles include:

How Can Measles Be Prevented?

The best way to prevent measles is through vaccination. The MMR vaccine, which protects against measles, mumps, and rubella, is highly effective and widely available. According to the CDC, two doses of the MMR vaccine are recommended for children, with the first dose given at 12 to 15 months of age and the second dose given at 4 to 6 years.

Vaccination is not just for children; adults who have never been vaccinated or who have not had measles should get the MMR vaccine. This is especially important for individuals traveling to countries where measles is more common. The vaccine is also recommended for healthcare workers, college students, and other adults at increased risk of exposure.

For individuals who are unsure of their vaccination status, blood tests can be performed to check for immunity to measles.

How to Treat Early-Stage Measles?

There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles. The focus of treatment is on managing symptoms and providing supportive care. Some recommended treatments include:

In most cases, measles can be managed at home with rest and supportive care. However, if complications arise or symptoms worsen, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly.

What Not to Do During Measles?

When dealing with measles, it’s crucial to avoid certain actions that can worsen the illness or increase the risk of complications. Here’s a list of what not to do if you or your child has measles:

  1. Do Not Go to Work or School: Measles is highly contagious, and you should stay home to prevent spreading the virus to others. The infection can be transmitted even before symptoms appear, so it’s essential to isolate yourself for at least 4 days after the rash develops. This helps protect vulnerable individuals, especially those who are unvaccinated or have weakened immune systems.
  2. Do Not Take Aspirin: Aspirin should never be given to children or teenagers with viral infections like measles due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome, a rare but serious condition that can cause liver and brain damage. Always use appropriate fever reducers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen, but be sure to consult a doctor before administering any medications.
  3. Do Not Overuse Over-the-Counter Medications: While over-the-counter (OTC) medications may help alleviate symptoms like fever or pain, it’s important not to self-medicate excessively. Overuse of these drugs can lead to side effects or mask more serious symptoms. Always follow the recommended dosages and consult a healthcare provider if you’re unsure.
  4. Avoid Exertion or Overactivity: During measles, the body needs rest to fight off the infection. Avoid strenuous activities, as physical exertion can weaken the immune system and prolong recovery. Ensure you or your child gets plenty of rest to support the healing process.
  5. Do Not Ignore Complications: Measles can lead to severe complications like pneumonia or encephalitis. If symptoms worsen or you notice signs like difficulty breathing, confusion, or persistent high fever, seek medical attention immediately. Don’t wait for the situation to escalate.

What to Do if You Have Measles as an Adult?

If you’re an adult with measles, it’s important to take specific steps to manage the illness and reduce the risk of complications. Here’s what to do:

  1. Stay Home and Isolate Yourself: Measles is highly contagious, so it’s crucial to stay home and avoid contact with others, especially those who are unvaccinated, pregnant, or have weakened immune systems. Isolate yourself for at least 4 days after the rash appears to prevent spreading the virus.
  2. Get Plenty of Rest: Rest is essential for your body to fight the infection. Measles can be exhausting, so allow your body to recover by staying in bed or resting in a comfortable position as much as possible.
  3. Stay Hydrated: Fever, sweating, and loss of appetite can lead to dehydration. Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, clear soups, or oral rehydration solutions, to stay hydrated. This helps your body recover and can also alleviate some symptoms like dry mouth and sore throat.
  4. Manage Symptoms: Use fever reducers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) to help control fever and discomfort. However, avoid taking aspirin due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome in viral infections. Be sure to follow the recommended dosages, and consult a healthcare provider if you’re unsure.
  5. Protect Your Eyes: Measles can cause sensitivity to light, leading to eye discomfort. Wear sunglasses or stay in dimly lit rooms to reduce strain on your eyes.
  6. Seek Medical Attention If Symptoms Worsen: If you experience severe complications such as trouble breathing, chest pain, confusion, or persistent high fever, seek immediate medical help. These could be signs of more serious complications like pneumonia or encephalitis.

What to Do if a Child Has Measles?

If your child has measles, it’s important to follow specific guidelines to ensure their comfort and prevent complications. Here’s what to do:

  1. Isolate Your Child: Measles is highly contagious, so it’s essential to keep your child at home and away from other children and vulnerable individuals. Isolate your child for at least 4 days after the rash appears to reduce the risk of spreading the infection.
  2. Provide Comfort and Rest: Your child needs rest to recover from measles. Keep them in a quiet, comfortable environment where they can rest as much as needed. Avoid any strenuous activities that could further drain their energy.
  3. Keep Them Hydrated: Fevers, sore throats, and a lack of appetite can lead to dehydration. Offer plenty of fluids, such as water, diluted fruit juices, or oral rehydration solutions. This helps prevent dehydration and soothes symptoms like a dry throat.
  4. Control Fever and Pain: Use age-appropriate medications like acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil) to help reduce fever and alleviate discomfort. Avoid giving your child aspirin due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome. Always follow dosing instructions and consult a doctor if you’re unsure.
  5. Relieve Eye Sensitivity: Measles often makes children sensitive to light. Keep the room dimly lit and encourage your child to wear sunglasses if they need to go outside.
  6. Watch for Complications: Keep an eye out for warning signs of complications, such as trouble breathing, persistent high fever, or unusual behavior (like confusion). If any of these occur, seek immediate medical attention, as they could indicate serious issues like pneumonia or encephalitis.
  7. Follow Doctor’s Advice: Regularly check in with your healthcare provider, especially if your child’s condition worsens or doesn’t improve. Your doctor will guide you on the best course of action.

When Should You See a Doctor?

If you or your child develops symptoms of measles, it’s important to see a healthcare provider, especially if you are not vaccinated or have been in contact with someone diagnosed with measles. A doctor can confirm the diagnosis and provide guidance on managing the illness. Seeking medical care early can help prevent complications and ensure that you receive the appropriate treatment.

You should contact a healthcare professional immediately if:

If you have been exposed to someone with Measles virus and develop symptoms, it’s important to stay at home to avoid spreading the infection to others.

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